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class=\u0022MsoNormal\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan style=\u0022mso-fareast-language: EN-US;\u0022\u003EFind out about Work Experience opportunities at Rolls-Royce through \u003Ca href=\u0022https://careers.rolls-royce.com/en/students-and-graduates/united-kingdom/work-experience\u0022\u003EDiscover\u003C/a\u003E, including their new virtual platform \u003Ca href=\u0022https://www.rolls-royce.springpod.com/\u0022\u003EDiscover: On Demand\u003C/a\u003E specifically for 14\u201318-year-olds. \u003C/span\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp class=\u0022MsoNormal\u0022\u003E\u003Cspan style=\u0022mso-fareast-language: EN-US;\u0022\u003EYou can access \u003Ca href=\u0022https://www.rolls-royce.springpod.com/\u0022\u003EDiscover: On Demand\u003C/a\u003E anytime and anywhere, and find lots of material to help strengthen your employability skills and gain real-world insights into the different career options available at Rolls-Royce. \u003C/span\u003E\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Cp\u003E\u003Cspan 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The first part of this activity involves building fires, so you\u2019ll need somewhere suitable to do this, where you have permission to build fires. The next part involves cooking, so everyone will need to be asked in advance to plan a recipe and share the ingredients and equipment they\u2019ll need. Take the opportunity to ask about food allergies and dietary requirements too. You could use your own recipes, or those from the Go Outdoors \u2018\u003Ca href=\u0022/supporters/go-outdoors/\u0022 title=\u0022GO Outdoors\u0022\u003ECampfire Cookbook\u003C/a\u003E.\u2019 Campfire nachos, breakfast burritos, calzone, cabbage burgers and roast chicken are all dishes that\u2019ll work well.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003ERisk assess this activity carefully and use the hints and tips provided by Scout Adventures \u003Ca href=\u0022https://www.scoutadventures.org.uk/sites/default/files/2018-05/Fire%20Lighting%20-%20Factsheet_0.pdf\u0022 title=\u0022Scout Adventures fire lighting factsheet\u0022\u003Ehere\u003C/a\u003E.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EThose working towards their Scouts Scientist Badge should either\u00A0\u003Ca href=\u0022/activities/experiment-development/\u0022 title=\u0022Experiment development\u0022\u003Eplan and run their own experiment\u003C/a\u003E\u00A0or use what they learn to\u00A0\u003Ca href=\u0022/activities/share-the-science/\u0022 title=\u0022Share the science\u0022\u003Eshare the science\u003C/a\u003E\u00A0with others once they\u2019ve completed the activity. Let them know in advance.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EYou could ask for a \u003Ca href=\u0022https://www.stem.org.uk/stem-ambassadors\u0022 title=\u0022STEM Ambassador Scheme\u0022\u003ESTEM Ambassador\u003C/a\u003E to help deliver science, technology, engineering and maths (STEM) activities in your programme. Go to the \u003Ca href=\u0022https://www.stem.org.uk/stem-ambassadors/join-stem-ambassador-programme\u0022 title=\u0022STEM website\u0022\u003Ewebsite\u003C/a\u003E and register as a \u2018youth and community\u2019 group. There, you can share requests for support.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003C/ul\u003E\n\u003Ch3\u003EBuild your fire\u003C/h3\u003E\n\u003Col\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EEveryone should split into pairs or small groups and gather everything they think they\u2019ll need for building a fire. This should include a full fire bucket that\u2019s ready to use.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EGather together tinder like small twigs and dried grass, and then some thicker branches and logs. Groups should be careful to only collect dead wood, but they should look out for different types. Pile these by their fire area in order of size.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EEveryone should start to build their fire. Each group could use a different structure for a more scientific approach. They should see which shapes and styles produce the biggest/hottest/most resilient blazes.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003C/ol\u003E\n\u003Caside\u003ESome examples of fire shapes are stars, pyramids, towers and pits. Here\u2019s some more information on \u003Ca href=\u0022https://www.scoutadventures.org.uk/sites/default/files/2018-05/Fire%20Lighting%20-%20Factsheet_0.pdf\u0022\u003Efire styles and shapes\u003C/a\u003E that you could share with your group.\u003C/aside\u003E\n\u003Col start=\u00224\u0022\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EAn adult should check each fire shape is safe and secure, and that each fire bucket is full. Tie up long hair or loose clothing. Now, everyone can light their fire with their chosen method. Make a note of the fire shape, how fast the flame catches, how quickly the wood burns, how long the fire lasts and how big/hot it gets.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003C/ol\u003E\n\u003Caside\u003EEveryone should collect the same or similar information to compare later. Bear in mind that each fire structure needs to balance the all-important fire triangle of fuel, heat and oxygen. Other important factors should be noted down too.\u003C/aside\u003E\n\u003Col start=\u00225\u0022\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EGroups could keep their fires going to see how often they need fuelling, how easy they are to control and whether they\u2019re suitable for cooking on. Different wood types could also be burned to see how they compare.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EOnce everyone has collected all of their information, they should check in with the other groups and see how their fires fared. Discuss which fires were the easiest to light and manage, and how well suited each type of fire was to different purposes, like campfire cooking, keeping warm at night, making smoke signals or illuminating the area. Think about which might be easiest to light in a storm.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003C/ol\u003E","gtmId":"","gtmClass":""}]}],"config":null},{"type":"fullWidth","areas":[{"items":[{"gridType":"accordion","gtmId":"","gtmClass":"","showExpand":false,"items":[{"gridType":"accordionItem","gtmId":"","gtmClass":"","body":"\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EAll fires need heat, fuel and oxygen to survive. Burning, or \u2018combustion,\u2019 is a chemical reaction where the fuel breaks up and mixes with the oxygen. This creates water vapour and carbon dioxide (smoke).\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EWhen starting a fire, the area where most of the reaction takes place is the surface exposed to air. Your tinder and think twigs have a large surface area which exposes it to more air, so it should catch easier when you go to light it. Only once the fire\u2019s going should you start to add larger branches and logs, as these burn more slowly.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EDifferent woods burn in different ways. Softwoods are light and will burn quickly, probably too quickly if you\u2019re planning on cooking. Hardwoods burn slower, but for longer, so they\u2019ll eventually generate enough heat to cook. Wet wood will always burn slowly as it needs to use up the heat to dry out first. If it\u2019s too wet, it could put the fire out.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EKeeping a fire hot relies on more heat being given off by combustion than is lost to the surroundings. Heat may be transferred to surrounding objects and lost. Campfires \u2018conduct\u2019 some heat to the ground, but fortunately soil and rocks don\u2019t take away too much. \u2018Convection\u2019 is the movement of heat in the form of gas upward from hot fires, but as hot fires draw in lots of oxygen, this shouldn\u2019t reduce heat too much either. Most heat is lost by \u2018radiation,\u2019 the transfer of heat to the empty space around your campfire. This happens more the hotter your fire gets. However, you can surround your fire with thermally-reflective materials, like non-combustible stones, which will send back the heat like a mirror.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003ELarger fires in higher enclosures may be needed in poor conditions to reduce heat loss. In a large fire, wood on the outside can enclose the burning wood within, bouncing back the heat and keeping the core toasty. Really big fires will get very hot, so don\u2019t sit too close!\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003C/ul\u003E","label":"Fire factoids"}]}]}],"config":null},{"type":"singleColumn","areas":[{"items":[{"gridType":"RichTextBlock","content":"\u003Cp\u003E\u00A0\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Ch3\u003EGet cooking!\u003C/h3\u003E\n\u003Col\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003ENow that everyone\u2019s investigated fire structures, it\u2019s time to cook. Everyone should stay in the same groups. Explain to everyone the three kinds of heat transfer described in the \u2018Fire factoids\u2019: \u2018conduction,\u2019 \u2018convection\u2019 and \u2018radiation\u2019. Everyone will be cooking using different methods, which involve different kinds of heat transfer that need investigating.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EEveryone should take their pre-prepared recipes, ingredients and equipment and decide on the most suitable way to cook each dish. They need to look at the different ways their fire gives off heat, what structure fire they\u2019ll need and what kind of wood they should use.\u00A0\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003C/ol\u003E\n\u003Caside\u003ESome methods of cooking won\u2019t be suitable for all dishes, so bear this in mind when choosing methods, and double-check everyone\u2019s allergies and dietary requirements. Some dishes may be fried in a pan, some may need to be buried in embers and some may need to go inside an earth oven.\u003C/aside\u003E\n\u003Col start=\u00223\u0022\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EOnce they\u2019ve settled on these criteria, prepare the fire as before, or use a fire that\u2019s been kept alight and is suitable for cooking.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003C/ol\u003E\n\u003Caside\u003EAn adult or fire expert should always check the fire area before lighting. Recheck the fire bucket is full and tie up loose hair or clothes.\u003C/aside\u003E\n\u003Col start=\u00224\u0022\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EPrepare and cook the meals. Hands should be washed thoroughly after lighting the fire and before touching food and any food should be prepared in a clean environment. Groups could assign roles, with some people keeping the fire hot and some preparing the meal, to make this easier.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EServe the meal when it\u2019s cooked and dig in. Double-check any meat or fish is well cooked before tasting. While everyone\u2019s eating, think about how well each fire worked as a heat source, what it was like keeping the fire going until the food was ready and if anyone would do anything differently next time.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003C/ol\u003E\n\u003Caside\u003ERemember that hot embers cook food, not flames. Those cooking larger meals needed a fire that gave them lots of hot embers to cook with, while small snacks might have been doable over a smaller fire. See which recipes worked best on which fires, and whether heat conduction, convection or radiation cooked food the best.\u003C/aside\u003E","gtmId":"","gtmClass":""}]}],"config":null},{"type":"fullWidth","areas":[{"items":[{"gridType":"accordion","gtmId":"","gtmClass":"","showExpand":false,"items":[{"gridType":"accordionItem","gtmId":"","gtmClass":"","body":"\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EWhen embers are glowing, this is when they\u2019re giving off the most heat. Keep this going by moving the coals around, feeding on more fuel and shaping a space to cook. Keep combustion going to make up for the heat being lost.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003ECooking is a heat transfer from fire to food. Using Dutch Ovens or cooking in pouches directly on coals are \u2018conduction\u2019 methods. A frying pan over the heat is heated by \u2018convection\u2019; the hot air moving upwards. Marshmallows on sticks are toasted by heat \u2018radiation\u2019 from the fire.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003C/ul\u003E","label":"Campfire cooking"}]}]}],"config":null},{"type":"singleColumn","areas":[{"items":[{"gridType":"RichTextBlock","content":"\u003Cp\u003E\u00A0\u003C/p\u003E\n\u003Ch3\u003EThe perfect marshmallow\u003C/h3\u003E\n\u003Col\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EEveryone should now use what they\u2019ve learned making fires and cooking dinner on them to toast perfect marshmallows. Start by soaking each wooden skewer in water for about half an hour (submerged, not floating) to be wet enough to not catch fire easily.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EWhile waiting for this, everyone could think about what kind of fire is best for toasting marshmallows. Consider the structures and fuel to use for the best results. Build and light the agreed-upon fire, or reuse a fire that\u2019s been kept alight and is suitable for cooking.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003ESpear a marshmallow on a wet skewer and carefully hold it close to the hot fire. Think about what happens to the marshmallow as it cooks, how they look, smell and taste, how it\u2019s colour changes. Look out for any that catch fire or drop off the skewer. Think about the methods of cooking used earlier and repeat the process with a second marshmallow, using one of the three kinds of heat transfer to find the best way of cooking the perfect marshmallow (gooey and hot inside, without getting too scorched on the outside).\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003C/ol\u003E\n\u003Caside\u003EThis needs to be done with care and close supervision. Marshmallows catch fire easily, even if the skewers don\u2019t, so don\u2019t get too close!\u003C/aside\u003E\n\u003Col start=\u00224\u0022\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EEveryone should write down what they thought the perfect method was for cooking marshmallows. These should refer to the science of cooking and fire-making. The instructions could be passed on to another group for them to try.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003C/ol\u003E\n\u003Caside\u003EThose trying for their Scouts Scientist Activity Badge need to plan and run an activity, demonstration or presentation to show other people the science behind one of the processes in this activity, like fire-lighting or cooking marshmallows.\u003C/aside\u003E","gtmId":"","gtmClass":""}]}],"config":null},{"type":"fullWidth","areas":[{"items":[{"gridType":"accordion","gtmId":"","gtmClass":"","showExpand":false,"items":[{"gridType":"accordionItem","gtmId":"","gtmClass":"","body":"\u003Cul\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EMarshmallows should cook best using radiant heat transfer. Getting the marshmallow directly over the fire to use the heat from convection may only be safe on a small fire. Holding the marshmallow against a hot surface to conduct heat will probably cause it to catch fire, drop off or get dirty.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EHold the marshmallow a short distance from the fire. It should heat up steadily without burning, and go squishy in the middle. Marshmallows are made of sugar, but more than half their volume is air, causing them to expand when heated. Gelatin-based marshmallow should go gooey, while gelatin-free marshmallow might react differently.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003Cli\u003EAs the sugar caramelises, the marshmallow will turn brown. When this happens, the sugar is broken down into smaller molecules that react with each other. This is why cooked marshmallows taste and smell different. Hot fires are perfect for testing this reaction.\u003C/li\u003E\n\u003C/ul\u003E","label":"Marshmallow mania"}]}]}],"config":null}]},"ownerAuthor":null,"porRules":null,"id":49694,"nodeName":"Campfire admirers","title":"Campfire admirers","type":"activity","image":{"url":"/media/ba2klcgk/rolls_royce_sc_scientist-01.png?width=800\u0026height=450\u0026v=1dc0c393e548d30","caption":"Rolls Royce Sc Scientist 01","type":"png","size":133036,"width":8000,"height":4500,"altText":""},"assets":[],"headerOptions":{"headerTitle":"Campfire admirers","headerSubTitle":null,"headerCta":null,"headerCtaText":null,"headerCtaLink":null,"headerBackgroundColour":null,"showSEOImage":false,"headerBackgroundImage":null,"quickLinks":null},"searchDescription":"Scout out the science of the perfect campfire to create something worthy of the hall of flame.","subHeader":"Scout out the science of the perfect campfire to create something worthy of the hall of flame.","browserTitle":null,"silktide":"eyJjbXMiOiJVbWJyYWNvIiwiZWRpdG9yVXJsIjoiaHR0cHM6Ly9wcm9kLWNtcy5zY291dHMub3JnLnVrLy91bWJyYWNvIy9jb250ZW50L2NvbnRlbnQvZWRpdC80OTY5NCJ9","canonicalUrl":"https://www.scouts.org.uk/activities/campfire-admirers/"}